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Germany has a population of about 84 million, the largest in the EU. Like Japan, it faces demographic challenges with an aging population and below-replacement birth rates, offset partly by immigration.

GDP per capita is approximately $48,000-52,000, reflecting one of Europe's highest standards of living. Germany has a robust vocational training system (dual education) that keeps youth unemployment low.

German households are notable for their high savings rate and relatively low homeownership — about 50% rent rather than own, the highest rate in Western Europe.