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Russia's population of about 144 million has been declining due to low birth rates and emigration. Life expectancy, particularly for men, is lower than in most developed nations.

GDP per capita is approximately $12,000-15,000 (nominal), placing Russia as an upper-middle-income country. Income inequality is significant, with wealth concentrated among oligarchs and in major cities like Moscow and St. Petersburg.

The Russian workforce is well-educated with high literacy rates, but brain drain — skilled workers emigrating — has been a growing concern, accelerated by recent geopolitical events.